Rinse the anchovies thoroughly under cold water, removing the heads and guts.
Arrange the cleaned anchovies in a glass dish, sprinkling each layer with salt. Let them sit for 1 hour to draw out excess moisture.
In a saucepan, combine the vinegar, water, sugar, and salt. Bring to a gentle simmer over medium heat, stirring until the sugar and salt have fully dissolved.
Transfer the salted anchovies into a clean glass jar. Layer them with the garlic cloves, black peppercorns, bay leaves, lemon slices, and red chili flakes.
Pour the hot brine over the anchovies, ensuring they are completely submerged.
Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature, then seal the jar and refrigerate for at least 24 hours before serving.
The pickled anchovies will develop a richer, more complex flavor over time. They can be stored in the refrigerator for up to one month.
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